CAR-T Versus Cancer
Diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in her 40s, Tanis Milicevic tried a number of treatments to keep the disease in check. But the cancer came back. Then her Mayo Clinic care team offered Tanis a new option, and it made a world of difference.
At first, Tanis Milicevic’s local doctor told her to wait and
see. Pregnant with her second child, Tanis had been sensitive about changes in
her body when she felt a worrisome bump on the back of her head.
The doctor’s advice gave her temporary peace. The bump was small,
and she could just monitor it. Then, after her baby’s first birthday, Tanis
felt a lump in her underarm. “That’s when I knew that something was not
right,” she says.
Although she felt fine otherwise, her instincts about her health were correct. A biopsy showed she had non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Tanis and her husband, Marko, learned that while her disease was slow growing at this stage, it also would be hard to cure.
“It was a difficult pill to swallow, but we remained
optimistic. You live life and push forward,” Marko says. They had to for
their sons, 1-year-old Jonathon and 8-year-old Max.
Aggressive disease
Tanis, then 44, underwent radiation therapy and then chemotherapy for two years. The treatments kept the cancer in remission for five years. That freed her to focus on her family and her business, a women’s contemporary fashion boutique.
Then the cancer returned. That’s when Tanis decided to go to Mayo Clinic. Under the care of Han Tun, M.D., a hematologist at Mayo Clinic in Florida, Tanis tried two new chemotherapy treatments to manage the recurrence, as well as a second relapse 18 months later. Her cancer was transforming and becoming more aggressive.
At the end of 2017, Tanis reviewed her options with Dr. Tun. It was just a matter of time before the next recurrence. The therapy for this type of cancer usually is a stem cell transplant, but Tanis had no suitable matching donor.
Yet there was still hope. A new treatment has just been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Tanis’ type of lymphoma. Known as CAR-T cell therapy, it had been shown to improve remission and survival rates after other treatments had failed. Mayo Clinic had taken part in pivotal clinical trials that led to FDA approval of CAR-T cell therapy, and it was one of the first medical centers in the nation offering the treatment.
In 2018, Tanis became the first patient at Mayo Clinic in
Florida to receive CAR-T cell therapy. “I don’t think anything could come
at a more perfect time for me,” Tanis says.
Revolutionary treatment
CAR-T cell therapy, or chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy,
is treatment that uses a patient’s own cells to fight cancer. T cells are a
type of white blood cell in the immune system that protect people from
infection. In CAR-T cell therapy, T cells are collected from a patient’s blood,
genetically altered in a lab, multiplied and returned to the patient’s
bloodstream. The alteration gives T cells the chimeric antigen receptor, which
helps T cells recognize, latch onto and kill the intended cancer cells.
“I think that in the past 10 years or so, probably this is the most innovative and revolutionary treatment that our field has seen,” says hematologist and oncologist Mohamed Kharfan Dabaja, M.D., director of the Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program and the Human Cellular Therapy Laboratory at Mayo Clinic in Florida.
“(CAR-T cell therapy) has improved the complete remission rate by sevenfold.”
Mohamed Kharfan Dabaja, M.D.
What has been exciting to cancer physicians and researchers is
how CAR-T cell therapy is helping some patients achieve complete remission,
even after other forms of treatments have failed. In complete remission, there
are no symptoms or signs of cancer, and the disease is no longer detectable,
although it could return later.
“It has improved the complete remission rate by sevenfold,”
Dr. Kharfan Dabaja says.
When patients achieve complete remission, they have a better
chance of surviving. Survival rates two years after treatment are shown to have
improved — from as low as 15% to over 50% with CAR-T cell therapy.
CAR-T cell therapy is fast-acting, showing evidence of response
within one to three months. It stands out among similar cancer therapies in
terms of how it overcomes obstacles — such as vast numbers of cancer cells and
suppression of the immune system by cancer — quickly and on its own.
Expanding options
The FDA has approved two CAR-T cell therapies. Presently, both can treat adults with certain types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, but only one treats children and young adults, up to age 25, with B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The therapies are used after at least two previous treatments have failed. They are not yet approved for use in earlier stages of the cancers.
Mayo Clinic is one of the few medical centers certified to offer the FDA-approved therapies. Mayo is also one of the few centers to have experience treating patients with the FDA-approved therapies in clinical trials. The treatments are available at Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota.
CAR-T cell therapy requires the specialty care that Mayo Clinic
provides, especially once the CAR-T cells are infused back into a patient’s
body, where they release chemicals as they kill cancer cells. The resulting
symptoms can be severe.
“These are living drugs,” says Yi Lin, M.D., Ph.D., who leads the Cellular Therapeutics Cross-Disciplinary Group at Mayo Clinic Cancer Center. “Patients oftentimes need hospital, even ICU-level, support. They need to be at a very experienced center as they go through the treatment.”
Mayo Clinic continues to drive forward new research in CAR-T
cell therapy. Mayo is expanding clinical trials with a focus on using the
treatment at earlier stages of cancer and in more types of cancer; countering
the side effects and safely delivering treatment; and even using CAR-T cell
therapy for conditions beyond cancer. Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Florida and
Minnesota all will have trials open for various types of blood cancer this
year.
Complete remission
Tanis met with Dr. Kharfan Dabaja in 2018, and in late spring,
she began the CAR-T cell treatment. Unfortunately, Tanis experienced severe
side effects and was hospitalized longer than she expected. That included
spending time in the ICU. While it was difficult for Tanis, Marko and their
family, the outcome was the result they had hoped for. Six weeks after
treatment, Tanis was in complete remission.
“It’s given me the chance to live, and I’m forever grateful.”
Tanis Milicevic
“This is a patient that had not seen a complete response
for many, many years,” Dr. Kharfan Dabaja says. “Now she is
experiencing a complete response, and with time, her condition has improved
significantly, where she’s almost back to her normal life.”
Tanis reached an important landmark when she was still in
complete remission 90 days after her treatment. More than half the patients who
reach the 90-day mark will be alive two years later, Dr. Kharfan Dabaja says.
Now, for the first time in a decade, Tanis and her family are
thinking of a future without cancer. “Tanis has gone through all the
different treatments. This one definitely feels the most amazing,” Marko
says. “It has allowed me to have my wife and our kids to have their mom.”
“It’s given me the chance to live, and I’m forever
grateful,” Tanis says, “My advice for anybody else who has lymphoma
is to know that there is hope.”
Note: A version of
this story previously was published in Mayo Clinic Magazine.
HELPFUL LINKS
- Learn about non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
- Read more about CAR-T cell therapy.
- Connect with others talking about cancer on Mayo Clinic Connect.
- Explore Mayo Clinic Cancer Center.
- Request an appointment.